Immunotherapy

Bevacizumab, the first FDA-approved anti-angiogenic drug, revolutionized cancer treatment by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to suppress tumour blood vessel formation.

Cancer is increasingly understood not solely as a genetic disease, but as a pathology shaped by its surrounding microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic ecosystem composed of immune cells, stromal cells, blood vessels, extracellular matrix and signaling molecules that support tumor survival, growth, and resistance to therapy.

The development of tumor immunology and immunotherapy has spanned over a century of experimental and clinical research.